The digital age has redefined the meaning, scope, and protection of human rights. With unprecedented technological advancements, digital infrastructures now shape social interactions, economic systems, political governance, and personal autonomy. While such developments have empowered individuals and enhanced global connectivity, they have also generated new vulnerabilities, particularly concerning privacy, surveillance, data security, and algorithmic biases. This research paper examines the evolving human rights landscape in the digital era, focusing on the central issues of privacy violations, mass surveillance, digital authoritarianism, and the challenges of global governance. It draws upon international human rights frameworks, privacy theories, and global regulatory debates to explore how states, corporations, and transnational institutions negotiate power in digital spaces. The paper analyzes the tensions between national security and civil liberties, public welfare and personal autonomy, technological innovation and ethical constraints. It also investigates emerging global governance mechanisms, including GDPR, UN resolutions, AI ethics guidelines, and multilateral cyber norms. The study concludes by arguing that safeguarding human rights in the digital age requires stronger global cooperation, transparent governance models, human-centric technological design, and legally binding international standards that balance innovation with fundamental freedoms.