The research aims to explore how the National Police Commissioner addresses the intricate issues of police in South Africa while maintaining ethical leadership, fostering public trust, and advocating for a more fair and equitable society. Primary Subjects leadership Styles and Methodologies, analyzing the leadership styles and methodologies utilized by the National Police Commissioner, encompassing transformational, transactional, and servant leadership. Ethical Considerations: Examining the ethical difficulties encountered by the National Police Commissioner and investigating their resolution within the framework of South African police. Community interactions and Public Trust: Examining methodologies for establishing and sustaining public trust, resolving community issues, and promoting favorable police-community interactions. obstacles and Constraints: Analyzing the primary obstacles encountered by the National Police Commissioner, encompassing resource limitations, political intervention, and the legacy of apartheid. Evaluation of Policing Outcomes: Analyzing the influence of the National Police Commissioner's leadership on critical policing outcomes, including crime rates, public safety, and police credibility. Essential Arguments: Effective police in South Africa needs robust, ethical, and imaginative leadership from the National Police Commissioner. Establishing trust and cultivating healthy community relations are essential for efficient law enforcement and public safety. Confronting the legacy of apartheid and advancing social justice within the SAPS are crucial for establishing a more equal and just society. The National Police Commissioner must address intricate difficulties, such as resource limitations, political meddling, and changing crime patterns. Ethical leadership, openness, and accountability are vital for sustaining public trust and affirming the validity of the SAPS. Methodological approach, this research will utilize a systematic literature review methodology. Academic literature, government papers, policy documents, and media stories will be rigorously located, assessed, and analyzed to integrate current information on policing leadership, ethical issues, community relations, and the problems encountered by the SAPS. Importance/Consequences, the results of this study hold considerable implications for enhancing police performance developing ways to improve police efficacy, leadership cultivation, and organizational efficiency within the SAPS. Enhancing public trust: Offering ideas for establishing and sustaining public confidence in the SAPS. Advancing ethical policing directing the formulation of ethical standards and training initiatives for law enforcement personnel. Guiding policy formulation, offering evidence-based suggestions to policymakers and lawmakers regarding policing changes. Advancing academic knowledge. Augmenting the comprehension of policing leadership and its influence on public safety within the South African environment. This study will appeal to academics, researchers, politicians, law enforcement practitioners, civil society groups, and others interested in enhancing policing in South Africa. Conclusion. This study will yield significant insights into the pivotal role of the National Police Commissioner in influencing the future of police in South Africa. This research will enhance the understanding of the leadership challenges, ethical considerations, and community relations issues encountered by the National Police Commissioner, thereby elucidating the factors that foster effective and legitimate policing in a complex environment. This abstract offers a succinct summary of the study, encompassing its objectives, principal themes, core arguments, methodology, importance, target audience, and conclusion.

Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) has become an important strategy for reducing crime and fear of crime in urban contexts by enhancing natural surveillance, territorial reinforcement, access control, and maintenance. Research in South African cities such as Gauteng and informal settlements like Inanda shows that environmental design interventions can influence safety perceptions, although implementation challenges remain around community involvement and coordination with government bodies. International evidence suggests that community engaged CPTED activities are associated with significant reductions in violent and firearm crime, illustrating the importance of multi stakeholder collaboration. This study uses a systematic literature review methodology to identify key factors that support or hinder effective CPTED implementation in South African urban areas, offering insights for policymakers, urban planners, and community stakeholders. Findings indicate that community engagement, contextualization to local conditions, resource allocation, policy frameworks, and ethical use of technology are critical determinants of CPTED success. This study highlights that the effective implementation of CPTED in South African urban areas depends on a holistic integration of community engagement, social cohesion, resource allocation, policy support, and ethical use of technology. Both South African and international evidence demonstrate that CPTED strategies can significantly reduce crime and enhance perceptions of safety when interventions are contextually adapted and collaboratively implemented. The findings provide critical insights for policymakers, urban planners, and community stakeholders, offering a roadmap for designing safer, more inclusive, and sustainable urban environments. By addressing systemic, social, and environmental factors, CPTED can serve as a transformative tool in shaping resilient and secure cities across South Africa.

The fiction of Aravind Adiga offers a penetrating critique of contemporary Indian society shaped by globalization, capitalism, and rapid urban transformation. Rather than celebrating modernity as progress, Adiga exposes it as fractured, uneven, and ethically destabilizing. This research article examines how Adiga represents modernity as a site of contradiction and moral uncertainty, focusing on the lived experiences of individuals positioned at the margins of India’s economic growth. Through a close analysis of The White Tiger, Last Man in Tower, and Selection Day, the study argues that Adiga constructs modernity as a system that erodes traditional moral frameworks without offering viable ethical alternatives. His protagonists operate within exploitative structures that compel them to adopt morally ambiguous strategies for survival and success. By situating Adiga’s fiction within postcolonial debates on modernity, ethics, and development, this article demonstrates how his narratives challenge dominant discourses of progress and reveal the human cost of India’s transformation into a globalized nation. Ultimately, Adiga’s fiction portrays modern India as a space of fractured realities where moral ambiguity becomes an inevitable consequence of social and economic inequality.

Arundhati Roy’s literary and political writings constitute a sustained critique of power in its multiple manifestations, ranging from caste and patriarchy to state violence, nationalism, capitalism, and global imperialism. This research article examines how structures of power operate and how resistance is articulated in Roy’s fictional and non-fictional works. Through an analysis of her novels The God of Small Things and The Ministry of Utmost Happiness, alongside selected essays, the study explores Roy’s representation of institutionalized power and her commitment to amplifying marginalized and dissenting voices. Drawing upon postcolonial theory, subaltern studies, feminist criticism, and political discourse, the article argues that Roy’s writing destabilizes dominant narratives and exposes the moral and human costs of authoritarian systems. Resistance in Roy’s works is not always overt or victorious; instead, it often emerges through fragile acts of defiance, memory, storytelling, and survival. By foregrounding those silenced by history and power, Roy transforms literature into a space of ethical intervention and political resistance. The article concludes that Roy’s oeuvre represents a powerful fusion of aesthetics and activism, redefining the role of the writer in contemporary society.