Trade unions are independent workers organizations recognized by the Kenyan constitution to advance the interests of the workers. This recognition empowers them to work within the confines of the law to ensure workers enjoy fundamental labour rights and freedoms and accompanying employment benefits such as higher wages, job security, and likeable working environs, improvement of their lot, improved welfares and the right to partake freely into workplace matters. To achieve these goals, trade unions require a conducive political as well as socio-economic environment devoid of any hindrances. This paper therefore, examines the political environment that trade unions have operated in, and continue to operate in the country from the periods before independence, after independence and also after the proclamation of the current constitution in 2010. It assesses also the role of politics in the management of the unions in the country. Over the years, considerable developments have been made towards the progression of trade unions in Kenya. This is evident in the increased number of trade unions in the country, workers awareness to their labour rights as well as the increased democratic space. These developments notwithstanding, we recommend that government creates a favourable political environment for trade unions, desist from interference and infiltrating trade unions, adheres to the rule of law, create law enforcement mechanisms for labour laws and equally union leadership to stop any dalliance with politicians. Indeed government functionaries have interfered, infiltrated and politicised trade union activities. This has hampered what would otherwise be a cordial and well managed sector. The government has a duty to ensure that there is a good operating environment for the trade unions devoid of any political maneuvers for them to be able to execute their mandate well as expected by the workers. It must also view trade unions as key partners in labour relation matters and not adversaries. Based on this, we conclude that, the political environment under which the unions are operating is still not conducive enough as it should be for the trade unions to fully flourish.

Trade unions are independent workers organizations recognized by the Kenyan constitution to advance the interests of the workers. This recognition empowers them to work within the confines of the law to ensure workers enjoy fundamental labour rights and freedoms and accompanying employment benefits such as higher wages, job security, and likeable working environs, improvement of their lot, improved welfares and the right to partake freely into workplace matters. To achieve these goals, trade unions require a conducive political as well as socio-economic environment devoid of any hindrances. This paper therefore, examines the political environment that trade unions have operated in, and continue to operate in the country from the periods before independence, after independence and also after the proclamation of the current constitution in 2010. It assesses also the role of politics in the management of the unions in the country. Over the years, considerable developments have been made towards the progression of trade unions in Kenya. This is evident in the increased number of trade unions in the country, workers awareness to their labour rights as well as the increased democratic space. These developments notwithstanding, we recommend that government creates a favourable political environment for trade unions, desist from interference and infiltrating trade unions, adheres to the rule of law, create law enforcement mechanisms for labour laws and equally union leadership to stop any dalliance with politicians. Indeed government functionaries have interfered, infiltrated and politicised trade union activities. This has hampered what would otherwise be a cordial and well managed sector. The government has a duty to ensure that there is a good operating environment for the trade unions devoid of any political maneuvers for them to be able to execute their mandate well as expected by the workers. It must also view trade unions as key partners in labour relation matters and not adversaries. Based on this, we conclude that, the political environment under which the unions are operating is still not conducive enough as it should be for the trade unions to fully flourish.

The research aims to explore how the National Police Commissioner addresses the intricate issues of police in South Africa while maintaining ethical leadership, fostering public trust, and advocating for a more fair and equitable society. Primary Subjects leadership Styles and Methodologies, analyzing the leadership styles and methodologies utilized by the National Police Commissioner, encompassing transformational, transactional, and servant leadership. Ethical Considerations: Examining the ethical difficulties encountered by the National Police Commissioner and investigating their resolution within the framework of South African police. Community interactions and Public Trust: Examining methodologies for establishing and sustaining public trust, resolving community issues, and promoting favorable police-community interactions. obstacles and Constraints: Analyzing the primary obstacles encountered by the National Police Commissioner, encompassing resource limitations, political intervention, and the legacy of apartheid. Evaluation of Policing Outcomes: Analyzing the influence of the National Police Commissioner's leadership on critical policing outcomes, including crime rates, public safety, and police credibility. Essential Arguments: Effective police in South Africa needs robust, ethical, and imaginative leadership from the National Police Commissioner. Establishing trust and cultivating healthy community relations are essential for efficient law enforcement and public safety. Confronting the legacy of apartheid and advancing social justice within the SAPS are crucial for establishing a more equal and just society. The National Police Commissioner must address intricate difficulties, such as resource limitations, political meddling, and changing crime patterns. Ethical leadership, openness, and accountability are vital for sustaining public trust and affirming the validity of the SAPS. Methodological approach, this research will utilize a systematic literature review methodology. Academic literature, government papers, policy documents, and media stories will be rigorously located, assessed, and analyzed to integrate current information on policing leadership, ethical issues, community relations, and the problems encountered by the SAPS. Importance/Consequences, the results of this study hold considerable implications for enhancing police performance developing ways to improve police efficacy, leadership cultivation, and organizational efficiency within the SAPS. Enhancing public trust: Offering ideas for establishing and sustaining public confidence in the SAPS. Advancing ethical policing directing the formulation of ethical standards and training initiatives for law enforcement personnel. Guiding policy formulation, offering evidence-based suggestions to policymakers and lawmakers regarding policing changes. Advancing academic knowledge. Augmenting the comprehension of policing leadership and its influence on public safety within the South African environment. This study will appeal to academics, researchers, politicians, law enforcement practitioners, civil society groups, and others interested in enhancing policing in South Africa. Conclusion. This study will yield significant insights into the pivotal role of the National Police Commissioner in influencing the future of police in South Africa. This research will enhance the understanding of the leadership challenges, ethical considerations, and community relations issues encountered by the National Police Commissioner, thereby elucidating the factors that foster effective and legitimate policing in a complex environment. This abstract offers a succinct summary of the study, encompassing its objectives, principal themes, core arguments, methodology, importance, target audience, and conclusion.

Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) has become an important strategy for reducing crime and fear of crime in urban contexts by enhancing natural surveillance, territorial reinforcement, access control, and maintenance. Research in South African cities such as Gauteng and informal settlements like Inanda shows that environmental design interventions can influence safety perceptions, although implementation challenges remain around community involvement and coordination with government bodies. International evidence suggests that community engaged CPTED activities are associated with significant reductions in violent and firearm crime, illustrating the importance of multi stakeholder collaboration. This study uses a systematic literature review methodology to identify key factors that support or hinder effective CPTED implementation in South African urban areas, offering insights for policymakers, urban planners, and community stakeholders. Findings indicate that community engagement, contextualization to local conditions, resource allocation, policy frameworks, and ethical use of technology are critical determinants of CPTED success. This study highlights that the effective implementation of CPTED in South African urban areas depends on a holistic integration of community engagement, social cohesion, resource allocation, policy support, and ethical use of technology. Both South African and international evidence demonstrate that CPTED strategies can significantly reduce crime and enhance perceptions of safety when interventions are contextually adapted and collaboratively implemented. The findings provide critical insights for policymakers, urban planners, and community stakeholders, offering a roadmap for designing safer, more inclusive, and sustainable urban environments. By addressing systemic, social, and environmental factors, CPTED can serve as a transformative tool in shaping resilient and secure cities across South Africa.